Alhamdu lillaahil lazee lahoo maa fis samaawaati wa maa fil ardi wa lahul hamdu fil aakhirah; wa Huwal Hakeemul Khabeer
All praise is due to Allah, to Whom belong all things in the heavens and on earth: to Him be Praise in the Hereafter: and He is Full of Wisdom, acquainted with all things.
Commentary of verses 34:1 to 34:2
The universe is an introduction to its Maker. Its immense scale reveals the majesty of the Creator. The flawless order within it points to a Being who is complete and perfect. The seamless coordination of all its parts shows that its Designer is all-wise and all-knowing. The fact that it sustains life with such care demonstrates that the Creator is kind and merciful.
Whoever reflects deeply on the wonders of creation will be drawn into awe of God's greatness. Such a person will understand that from the beginning of time to the end of eternity, all glory and honour belong to God alone—and to none besides Him.
Ya'lamu maa yaliju fil ardi wa maa yakhruju minhaa wa maa yanzilu minas samaaa'i wa maa ya'ruju feehaa; wa Huwar Raheemul Ghafoor
He knows all that goes into the earth, and all that comes out thereof; all that comes down from the sky and all that ascends thereto and He is the Most Merciful, the Forgiving.
Commentary of verses 34:1 to 34:2
The universe is an introduction to its Maker. Its immense scale reveals the majesty of the Creator. The flawless order within it points to a Being who is complete and perfect. The seamless coordination of all its parts shows that its Designer is all-wise and all-knowing. The fact that it sustains life with such care demonstrates that the Creator is kind and merciful.
Whoever reflects deeply on the wonders of creation will be drawn into awe of God's greatness. Such a person will understand that from the beginning of time to the end of eternity, all glory and honour belong to God alone—and to none besides Him.
Wa qaalal lazeena kafaroo laa taateenas Saa'ah; qul balaa wa Rabbee lataatiyannakum 'Aalimul Ghaib; laa ya'zubu 'anhu misqaalu zarratin fis samaawaati wa laa fil ardi wa laaa asgharu min zaalika wa laaa akbaru illaa fee kitaabim mubeen
The Disbelievers say, "Never to us will come the Hour": Say, "Rather! but most surely, by my Lord, it will come upon you;- by Him Who knows the unseen, from Whom is not hidden the least little atom in the heavens or on earth: Nor is there anything less than that, or greater, but is in the Record Clear:
Commentary of verses 34:3 to 34:6
The Quraysh did not deny the Day of Judgement outright—they simply did not believe it would bring them shame or punishment. The world they lived in seemed secure, so they could not imagine facing danger in the Hereafter.
The truth about life, death, and the Day of Reckoning has always been present in divine scriptures. The Quran's role is to present this truth in its purest, most unadulterated form. Those who oppose this message are displaying dangerous arrogance. In God's sight, they deserve the most severe accountability.
Liyajziyal lazeena aamanoo wa 'amilus saalihaat; ulaaa'ika lahum maghfiratunw wa rizqun kareem
That He may reward those who believe and work deeds of righteousness: for such is Forgiveness and a Provision Most Generous."
Commentary of verses 34:3 to 34:6
The Quraysh did not deny the Day of Judgement outright—they simply did not believe it would bring them shame or punishment. The world they lived in seemed secure, so they could not imagine facing danger in the Hereafter.
The truth about life, death, and the Day of Reckoning has always been present in divine scriptures. The Quran's role is to present this truth in its purest, most unadulterated form. Those who oppose this message are displaying dangerous arrogance. In God's sight, they deserve the most severe accountability.
But those who strive against Our verses, to frustrate them, for such will be a punishment, a Punishment most humiliating.
Commentary of verses 34:3 to 34:6
The Quraysh did not deny the Day of Judgement outright—they simply did not believe it would bring them shame or punishment. The world they lived in seemed secure, so they could not imagine facing danger in the Hereafter.
The truth about life, death, and the Day of Reckoning has always been present in divine scriptures. The Quran's role is to present this truth in its purest, most unadulterated form. Those who oppose this message are displaying dangerous arrogance. In God's sight, they deserve the most severe accountability.
Wa yaral lazeena utul 'Ilmal lazeee unzila ilaika mir Rabbika huwal haqqa wa yahdeee ilaaa siraatil 'Azeezil Hameed
And those to whom knowledge has come see that the [Revelation] sent down to you from your Lord - that is the Truth, and that it guides to the Path of the Exalted [in might], Worthy of all praise.
Commentary of verse 34:6
When the time came for Solomon to die, he was standing upright, leaning on his staff while overseeing the work of the jinn. The angel of death took his soul, but his body remained propped up by the stick. The jinn, unaware of his death, continued working, assuming he was still watching them. Eventually, termites ate through the staff. When it crumbled, his body fell, and only then did the jinn realise he had passed away. This event disproves the false belief that jinn possess knowledge of the unseen or the future.
Wa qaalal lazeena kafaroo hal nadullukum 'alaa rajuliny yanabbi 'ukum izaa muzziqtum kulla mumazzaqin innakum lafee khalqin jadeed
The Disbelievers say [in ridicule]: "Shall we point out to you a man that will tell you, when you are all scattered to pieces in disintegration, that you shall [then be raised] in a New Creation?
Commentary of verses 34:7 to 34:9
The people of Makkah mocked the Prophet and his companions because they did not take the Hereafter seriously. Without fear of God's punishment, they became careless and dismissive of spiritual realities.
The greatest misfortune for a person is the loss of sound reasoning. Such a person cannot see things as they truly are or learn from the world around them. Consider, for example, the countless meteors that burn up in our atmosphere before reaching the ground. Were they to strike the earth freely, humanity would be destroyed. Or think of the molten core beneath us—if it erupted uncontrolled, everything would burn. Yet God has set protections in place to prevent such disasters.
There are clear signs in the heavens and the earth that demonstrate human vulnerability. But for those who have lost the ability to think rightly, even the most obvious signs offer no guidance.
Aftaraa 'alal laahi kaziban am bihee jinnah; balil lazeena laa yu'minoona bil Aakhirati fil'azaabi waddad laalil ba'eed
"Has he invented a falsehood against Allah, or has a spirit [seized] him?"- Rather, it is those who believe not in the Hereafter, that are in [real] Punishment, and in farthest error.
Commentary of verses 34:7 to 34:9
The people of Makkah mocked the Prophet and his companions because they did not take the Hereafter seriously. Without fear of God's punishment, they became careless and dismissive of spiritual realities.
The greatest misfortune for a person is the loss of sound reasoning. Such a person cannot see things as they truly are or learn from the world around them. Consider, for example, the countless meteors that burn up in our atmosphere before reaching the ground. Were they to strike the earth freely, humanity would be destroyed. Or think of the molten core beneath us—if it erupted uncontrolled, everything would burn. Yet God has set protections in place to prevent such disasters.
There are clear signs in the heavens and the earth that demonstrate human vulnerability. But for those who have lost the ability to think rightly, even the most obvious signs offer no guidance.
Afalam yaraw ilaa maa baina aydeehim wa maa khalfahum minas samaaa'i wal ard; in nashad nakhsif bihimul arda aw nusqit 'alaihim kisafam minas samaaa'; inna fee zaalika la Aayatal likulli 'abdim muneeb
See they not what is before them and behind them, of the sky and the earth? If We wished, We could cause the earth to swallow them up, or cause a piece of the sky to fall upon them. Indeed in this is a Sign for every devotee that turns to Allah [in repentance].
Commentary of verses 34:7 to 34:9
The people of Makkah mocked the Prophet and his companions because they did not take the Hereafter seriously. Without fear of God's punishment, they became careless and dismissive of spiritual realities.
The greatest misfortune for a person is the loss of sound reasoning. Such a person cannot see things as they truly are or learn from the world around them. Consider, for example, the countless meteors that burn up in our atmosphere before reaching the ground. Were they to strike the earth freely, humanity would be destroyed. Or think of the molten core beneath us—if it erupted uncontrolled, everything would burn. Yet God has set protections in place to prevent such disasters.
There are clear signs in the heavens and the earth that demonstrate human vulnerability. But for those who have lost the ability to think rightly, even the most obvious signs offer no guidance.
Wa laqad aatainaa Daawooda minnaa fadlany yaa jibaalu awwibee ma'ahoo wattaira wa alannaa lahul hadeed
We bestowed Grace aforetime on David from ourselves: "O you Mountains! Sing you back the Praises of Allah with him! and you birds [also]! And We made the iron soft for him;-
Commentary of verses 34:10 to 34:11
A believer absorbed in the remembrance of God joins the entire universe in silent worship—everything in the heavens and the earth glorifies Him. But David was blessed with a special gift: when he praised God, the mountains and birds joined him audibly.
God also taught David the craft of working with iron. He mastered the ability to soften and shape it, creating finely linked chainmail that was as comfortable to wear as cloth. This technology was unknown to the world at the time.
Believers are capable of great achievements in science and industry. But all progress must be directed toward peace, justice, and goodness—carried out with the awareness that one day, we will stand before God and be held to account.
[Commanding], "Make you coast of mail, balancing well the rings of chain armour, and work you righteousness; for be sure I see [clearly] all that you do."
Commentary of verses 34:10 to 34:11
A believer absorbed in the remembrance of God joins the entire universe in silent worship—everything in the heavens and the earth glorifies Him. But David was blessed with a special gift: when he praised God, the mountains and birds joined him audibly.
God also taught David the craft of working with iron. He mastered the ability to soften and shape it, creating finely linked chainmail that was as comfortable to wear as cloth. This technology was unknown to the world at the time.
Believers are capable of great achievements in science and industry. But all progress must be directed toward peace, justice, and goodness—carried out with the awareness that one day, we will stand before God and be held to account.
Wa li-Sulaimaanar reeha ghuduwwuhaa shahrunw wa ra-waahuhaa shahrunw wa asalnaa lahoo 'ainal qitr; wa minal jinni mai ya'malu baina yadaihi bi izni Rabbih; wa mai yazigh minhum 'an amrinaa nuziqhu min 'azaabis sa'eer
And to Solomon [We made] the Wind [obedient]: Its early morning [stride] was a month's [journey], and its evening [stride] was a month's [journey]; and We made a Font of molten brass to flow for him;
and there were jinn that worked in front of him, by the leave of his Lord, and if any of them turned aside from our command, We made him taste of the punishment of the Blazing Fire.
Commentary of verses 34:12 to 34:13
Prophet Solomon harnessed his God-given gifts for progress and peace. He advanced shipbuilding and navigation, producing high-quality vessels with sails that always caught favourable winds. He also developed techniques for melting copper and crafting valuable items. These blessings enabled him to undertake great construction projects mentioned in the verse.
Every aspect of human existence is a divine gift, and we ought to feel the deepest gratitude towards our Creator. Yet gratitude is often the least cultivated quality in us. This is because we perceive worldly gains as mere outcomes of cause and effect—results of our own effort or talent—and fail to recognise the hand of God behind them. Herein lies our test: to see beyond surface appearances and acknowledge that all we achieve, however seemingly self-earned, is ultimately bestowed by Allah. True faith requires us to treat our successes as direct gifts from Him.
Ya'maloona lahoo ma yashaaa'u mim mahaareeba wa tamaaseela wa jifaanin kaljawaabi wa qudoorir raasiyaat; i'maloo aala Daawooda shukraa; wa qaleelum min 'ibaadiyash shakoor
They worked for him as he desired, [making] arches, images, basons as large as reservoirs, and [cooking] cauldrons fixed [in their places]: "Work you, sons of David, with thanks! but few of My servants are grateful!"
Commentary of verses 34:12 to 34:13
Prophet Solomon harnessed his God-given gifts for progress and peace. He advanced shipbuilding and navigation, producing high-quality vessels with sails that always caught favourable winds. He also developed techniques for melting copper and crafting valuable items. These blessings enabled him to undertake great construction projects mentioned in the verse.
Every aspect of human existence is a divine gift, and we ought to feel the deepest gratitude towards our Creator. Yet gratitude is often the least cultivated quality in us. This is because we perceive worldly gains as mere outcomes of cause and effect—results of our own effort or talent—and fail to recognise the hand of God behind them. Herein lies our test: to see beyond surface appearances and acknowledge that all we achieve, however seemingly self-earned, is ultimately bestowed by Allah. True faith requires us to treat our successes as direct gifts from Him.
Falammaa qadainaa 'alaihil mawta ma dallahum 'alaa mawtiheee illaa daaabbatul ardi taakulu minsa atahoo falammaa kharra tabaiyanatil jinnu al law kaanoo ya'lamoonal ghaiba maa labisoo fil 'azaabil muheen
Then, when We decreed (Solomon's) death, nothing showed them his death except a little worm of the earth, which kept [slowly] gnawing away at his staff: so when he fell down, the jinn saw plainly that if they had known the unseen, they would not have tarried in the humiliating Punishment [of their Task].
Commentary of verse 34:14
When the Jews rejected Islam, they were troubled by how warmly others embraced it. Seeing themselves as the sole authority on truth, they could not accept that people believed in what they themselves had dismissed. They responded by stirring up hostility among the polytheists and sowing doubt among new Muslim converts, hoping to draw them back to their former ways. Although this provoked anger, Muslims were told not to retaliate impulsively. Instead, they were called to patience, regular prayer, and the paying of zakat—practices that nurture closeness to God and build a compassionate, united community.
The Jews also claimed that only they, as descendants of prophets, would enter paradise. But the Quran makes clear that salvation is not granted through lineage or affiliation. Everyone is judged by their deeds alone. True faith means devotion to God above all else—beyond personal interests, tribal loyalty, or worldly advantage. Sincere belief calls for a response to truth that is free from prejudice and self-serving attachments.
Laqad kaana li Saba-in fee maskanihim Aayatun jannataani 'ai yameeninw wa shimaalin kuloo mir rizq Rabbikum washkuroolah; baldatun taiyibatunw wa Rabbun Ghafoor
There was, for Saba, aforetime, a Sign in their home-land - two Gardens to the right and to the left. "Eat of the Provision [provided] by your Lord, and be grateful to Him: a territory fair and happy, and a Lord Forgiving!
Commentary of verses 34:15 to 34:17
Sheba, located in what is now Yemen, was one of the ancient world's most advanced civilisations. Centred in the city of Ma'rib, it flourished for around a thousand years before the time of Christ. The Sabaeans excelled in trade across land and sea and built impressive irrigation dams. The great Ma'rib Dam, fourteen metres high and six hundred metres long, stored mountain water and transformed the region into fertile, verdant land filled with gardens.
All this prosperity was granted by Allah, and the people of Sheba should have shown gratitude. Instead, they grew arrogant and neglectful—a common pitfall of affluent societies. Warning signs appeared when cracks developed in the dam, yet they ignored them. In the seventh century AD, an earthquake destroyed the dam entirely, unleashing catastrophic floods. The fertile soil was washed away, leaving only wild shrubs. This serves as a timeless reminder that blessings unacknowledged invite ruin.
Fa-a''radoo fa-arsalnaa 'alaihim Sailal 'Arimi wa baddalnaahum bijannataihim jannataini azwaatai ukulin khamtinw wa aslinw wa shai'im min sidrin qaleel
But they turned away [from Allah], and We sent against them the Flood [released] from the dams, and We converted their two garden [rows] into "gardens" producing bitter fruit, and tamarisks, and some few [stunted] Lote-trees.
Commentary of verses 34:15 to 34:17
Sheba, located in what is now Yemen, was one of the ancient world's most advanced civilisations. Centred in the city of Ma'rib, it flourished for around a thousand years before the time of Christ. The Sabaeans excelled in trade across land and sea and built impressive irrigation dams. The great Ma'rib Dam, fourteen metres high and six hundred metres long, stored mountain water and transformed the region into fertile, verdant land filled with gardens.
All this prosperity was granted by Allah, and the people of Sheba should have shown gratitude. Instead, they grew arrogant and neglectful—a common pitfall of affluent societies. Warning signs appeared when cracks developed in the dam, yet they ignored them. In the seventh century AD, an earthquake destroyed the dam entirely, unleashing catastrophic floods. The fertile soil was washed away, leaving only wild shrubs. This serves as a timeless reminder that blessings unacknowledged invite ruin.
Zaalika jazainaahum bimaa kafaroo wa hal nujaazeee illal kafoor
That was the Requital We gave them because they ungratefully disbelieved: and never do We give [such] requital except to such as are ungrateful rejecters.
Commentary of verses 34:15 to 34:17
Sheba, located in what is now Yemen, was one of the ancient world's most advanced civilisations. Centred in the city of Ma'rib, it flourished for around a thousand years before the time of Christ. The Sabaeans excelled in trade across land and sea and built impressive irrigation dams. The great Ma'rib Dam, fourteen metres high and six hundred metres long, stored mountain water and transformed the region into fertile, verdant land filled with gardens.
All this prosperity was granted by Allah, and the people of Sheba should have shown gratitude. Instead, they grew arrogant and neglectful—a common pitfall of affluent societies. Warning signs appeared when cracks developed in the dam, yet they ignored them. In the seventh century AD, an earthquake destroyed the dam entirely, unleashing catastrophic floods. The fertile soil was washed away, leaving only wild shrubs. This serves as a timeless reminder that blessings unacknowledged invite ruin.
Wa ja'alnaa bainahum wa bainal qural latee baaraknaa feehaa quran zaahiratanw wa qaddamaa feehas sayr; seeroo feehaa la yaalirya wa aiyaaman aamineen
Between them and the Cities on which We had poured our blessings, We had placed Cities in prominent positions, and between them We had appointed stages of journey in due proportion: "Travel therein, secure, by night and by day."
Commentary of verses 34:18 to 34:19
'The town that We had blessed' refers to the fertile region of Syria. Between Yemen and Syria stretched a corridor of prosperous townships and lush greenery—a natural sign calling travellers to gratitude and devotion. It was as though Allah had inscribed an invitation: 'Journey in peace and thank your Lord.' Yet the people of Sheba failed to read this divine message. Their ingratitude and wrongdoing led to the withdrawal of blessings, and they were utterly destroyed as though they had never been.
After their homeland was ruined, the tribes of Sheba scattered far and wide. These events are well documented in history. The true lesson lies not in mere historical knowledge, but in reflection: prosperity must not breed arrogance. Instead, every blessing should be recognised as a gift from Allah, met with humility and thankfulness. Those who learn this lesson secure both worldly contentment and divine favour.
Faqaaloo Rabbanaa baa'id baina asfaarinaa wa zalamooo anfusahum faja'alnaahum ahaadeesa wa mazzaq naahum kulla mumazzaq; inna fee zaalika la Aayaatil likulli sabbaarin shakoor
But they said: "Our Lord! Place longer distances between our journey-stages": but they wronged themselves [therein]. At length We made them as a tale [that is told], and We dispersed them all in scattered fragments. Indeed in this are Signs for every [soul that is] patiently constant and grateful.
Commentary of verses 34:18 to 34:19
'The town that We had blessed' refers to the fertile region of Syria. Between Yemen and Syria stretched a corridor of prosperous townships and lush greenery—a natural sign calling travellers to gratitude and devotion. It was as though Allah had inscribed an invitation: 'Journey in peace and thank your Lord.' Yet the people of Sheba failed to read this divine message. Their ingratitude and wrongdoing led to the withdrawal of blessings, and they were utterly destroyed as though they had never been.
After their homeland was ruined, the tribes of Sheba scattered far and wide. These events are well documented in history. The true lesson lies not in mere historical knowledge, but in reflection: prosperity must not breed arrogance. Instead, every blessing should be recognised as a gift from Allah, met with humility and thankfulness. Those who learn this lesson secure both worldly contentment and divine favour.
And on them did Satan prove true his idea, and they followed him, all but a party that believed.
Commentary of verses 34:20 to 34:21
Satan and his agents constantly plot against humanity. It is our duty to remain vigilant and not fall prey to their schemes. Sadly, the people of Sheba lacked this wisdom. They succumbed to satanic temptations and walked the path to ruin. Only a small number of sincere believers withstood the test and remained steadfast.
It is important to understand that Satan possesses no real power to compel anyone. His only weapon is seduction. This arrangement serves as a test for humankind. Those who pass this trial rise above deception and remain anchored to truth and righteousness. Allah grants us free will precisely so that our choices reveal our true character. Resisting Satan's whispers is the mark of genuine faith and inner strength.
Wa maa kaana lahoo 'alaihim min sultaanin illaa lina'lama mai yu minu bil Aakhirati mimman huwa minhaa fee shakk; wa Rabbuka 'alaa kulli shai'in Hafeez
But he had no authority over them, except that We might test the man who believes in the Hereafter from him who is in doubt concerning it: and your Lord does watch over all things.
Commentary of verses 34:20 to 34:21
Satan and his agents constantly plot against humanity. It is our duty to remain vigilant and not fall prey to their schemes. Sadly, the people of Sheba lacked this wisdom. They succumbed to satanic temptations and walked the path to ruin. Only a small number of sincere believers withstood the test and remained steadfast.
It is important to understand that Satan possesses no real power to compel anyone. His only weapon is seduction. This arrangement serves as a test for humankind. Those who pass this trial rise above deception and remain anchored to truth and righteousness. Allah grants us free will precisely so that our choices reveal our true character. Resisting Satan's whispers is the mark of genuine faith and inner strength.
Qulid 'ul lazeena za'amtum min doonil laahi laa yamlikoona misqaala zarratin fissamaawaati wa laa fil ardi wa maa lahum feehimaa min shirkinw wa maa lahoo minhum min zaheer
Say: "Call upon other [gods] whom you fancy, besides Allah: They have no power, not the weight of an atom, in the heavens or on earth: No [sort of] share have they therein, nor is any of them a helper to Allah.
Commentary of verses 34:22 to 34:23
Throughout history, many have believed in the Hereafter, yet Satan has sown false notions that make unbelievers complacent about accountability. One such error is the belief that certain beings hold such high status before Allah that they can intercede and secure forgiveness on behalf of others. This grossly underestimates the majesty and sovereignty of Allah.
It is absurd to imagine that these supposed intercessors—who themselves stand in awe and humility before their Creator—could wield influence over divine judgement. Such beliefs reflect a misunderstanding of both divine power and the reality of the Hereafter. True faith rests on recognising that only Allah grants forgiveness, and no intermediary can guarantee salvation. Relying on anything or anyone other than Allah Himself is a dangerous delusion that leads believers astray.
Wa laa tanfa'ush shafaa'atu 'indahooo illaa liman azina lah; hattaaa izaa fuzzi'a 'an quloobihim qaaloo maazaa qaala Rabbukum; qaalul haqq, wa Huwal 'Aliyul Kabeer
"No intercession can avail in His Presence, except for those for whom He has granted permission. So far [is this the case] that, when terror is removed from their hearts (at the Day of Judgement, then) will they say, 'what is it that your Lord commanded?' they will say, 'That which is true and just; and He is the Most High Most Great'."
Commentary of verses 34:22 to 34:23
Throughout history, many have believed in the Hereafter, yet Satan has sown false notions that make unbelievers complacent about accountability. One such error is the belief that certain beings hold such high status before Allah that they can intercede and secure forgiveness on behalf of others. This grossly underestimates the majesty and sovereignty of Allah.
It is absurd to imagine that these supposed intercessors—who themselves stand in awe and humility before their Creator—could wield influence over divine judgement. Such beliefs reflect a misunderstanding of both divine power and the reality of the Hereafter. True faith rests on recognising that only Allah grants forgiveness, and no intermediary can guarantee salvation. Relying on anything or anyone other than Allah Himself is a dangerous delusion that leads believers astray.
Qul mai yarzuqukum minas samaawaati wal ardi qulil laahu wa innaaa aw iyyaakum la'alaa hudan aw fee dalaalim mubeen
Say: "Who gives you provision, from the heavens and the earth?" Say: "It is Allah; and certain it is that either we or you are on right guidance or in manifest error!"
Commentary of verses 34:24 to 34:27
The universe is vast beyond imagination and imbued with perfect order and wisdom. Such a creation can only be the work of the All-Powerful, All-Wise Creator. No invented deity—whether from ancient mythology or modern imagination—can credibly be regarded as the maker or lord of this cosmos.
Who, then, holds true supremacy over the universe if not Allah alone? Reflecting on the magnificence and harmony of creation naturally refutes all forms of polytheism. Only the concept of one God, unified and absolute, stands coherent and consistent with observable reality. Any theory introducing partners to Allah or attributing creative power to lesser beings collapses under scrutiny. The universe itself is a clear testimony to tawhid—the oneness of God—inviting all who reflect sincerely to submit to Him alone.
Qul laa tus'aloona 'ammaaa ajramnaa wa laa nus'alu 'ammaa ta'maloon
Say: "You shall not be questioned as to our sins, nor shall we be questioned as to what you do."
Commentary of verses 34:24 to 34:27
The universe is vast beyond imagination and imbued with perfect order and wisdom. Such a creation can only be the work of the All-Powerful, All-Wise Creator. No invented deity—whether from ancient mythology or modern imagination—can credibly be regarded as the maker or lord of this cosmos.
Who, then, holds true supremacy over the universe if not Allah alone? Reflecting on the magnificence and harmony of creation naturally refutes all forms of polytheism. Only the concept of one God, unified and absolute, stands coherent and consistent with observable reality. Any theory introducing partners to Allah or attributing creative power to lesser beings collapses under scrutiny. The universe itself is a clear testimony to tawhid—the oneness of God—inviting all who reflect sincerely to submit to Him alone.
Qul yajma'u bainanaa Rabbunaa summa yaftahu bainanaa bilhaqq; wa Huwal Fattaahul 'Aleem
Say: "Our Lord will gather us together and will in the end decide the matter between us [and you] in truth and justice: and He is the one to decide, the One Who knows all."
Commentary of verses 34:24 to 34:27
The universe is vast beyond imagination and imbued with perfect order and wisdom. Such a creation can only be the work of the All-Powerful, All-Wise Creator. No invented deity—whether from ancient mythology or modern imagination—can credibly be regarded as the maker or lord of this cosmos.
Who, then, holds true supremacy over the universe if not Allah alone? Reflecting on the magnificence and harmony of creation naturally refutes all forms of polytheism. Only the concept of one God, unified and absolute, stands coherent and consistent with observable reality. Any theory introducing partners to Allah or attributing creative power to lesser beings collapses under scrutiny. The universe itself is a clear testimony to tawhid—the oneness of God—inviting all who reflect sincerely to submit to Him alone.
Say: "Show me those whom you have joined with Him as partners: by no means [can you]. Rather, He is Allah, the Exalted in Power, the Wise."
Commentary of verses 34:24 to 34:27
The universe is vast beyond imagination and imbued with perfect order and wisdom. Such a creation can only be the work of the All-Powerful, All-Wise Creator. No invented deity—whether from ancient mythology or modern imagination—can credibly be regarded as the maker or lord of this cosmos.
Who, then, holds true supremacy over the universe if not Allah alone? Reflecting on the magnificence and harmony of creation naturally refutes all forms of polytheism. Only the concept of one God, unified and absolute, stands coherent and consistent with observable reality. Any theory introducing partners to Allah or attributing creative power to lesser beings collapses under scrutiny. The universe itself is a clear testimony to tawhid—the oneness of God—inviting all who reflect sincerely to submit to Him alone.
Wa maaa arsalnaaka illaa kaaffatal linnaasi basheeranw wa nazeeranw wa laakinna aksaran naasi laa ya'lamoon
We have not sent you but as a universal [Messenger] to men, giving them glad tidings, and warning them [against sin], but most men understand not.
Commentary of verses 34:28 to 34:30
Every prophet was sent directly to his own people, as was practical and necessary. Likewise, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) initially conveyed glad tidings and warnings to his immediate community. However, since prophethood concluded with him, his mission extends to all humanity. Just as he fulfilled this role in his lifetime, his followers now carry forward this responsibility as his deputies, ensuring the message reaches every generation and nation. This continuation represents the enduring nature of his prophetic mission.
The work he performed during his life is directly part of his prophethood, while the efforts of his successors form its indirect extension. A prophet's duty is solely to convey Allah's message clearly. The response of people—and the resulting reward or punishment—is for Allah alone to determine, both in this world and the Hereafter.
Wa yaqooloona mataa haazal wa'du in kuntum saadiqeen
They say: "When will this promise [come to pass] if you are telling the truth?"
Commentary of verses 34:28 to 34:30
Every prophet was sent directly to his own people, as was practical and necessary. Likewise, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) initially conveyed glad tidings and warnings to his immediate community. However, since prophethood concluded with him, his mission extends to all humanity. Just as he fulfilled this role in his lifetime, his followers now carry forward this responsibility as his deputies, ensuring the message reaches every generation and nation. This continuation represents the enduring nature of his prophetic mission.
The work he performed during his life is directly part of his prophethood, while the efforts of his successors form its indirect extension. A prophet's duty is solely to convey Allah's message clearly. The response of people—and the resulting reward or punishment—is for Allah alone to determine, both in this world and the Hereafter.
Qul lakum mee'aadu Yawmil laa tastaakhiroona 'anhu saa'atanw wa la tastaqdimoon
Say: "The appointment to you are for a Day, which you cannot put back for an hour nor put forward."
Commentary of verses 34:28 to 34:30
Every prophet was sent directly to his own people, as was practical and necessary. Likewise, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) initially conveyed glad tidings and warnings to his immediate community. However, since prophethood concluded with him, his mission extends to all humanity. Just as he fulfilled this role in his lifetime, his followers now carry forward this responsibility as his deputies, ensuring the message reaches every generation and nation. This continuation represents the enduring nature of his prophetic mission.
The work he performed during his life is directly part of his prophethood, while the efforts of his successors form its indirect extension. A prophet's duty is solely to convey Allah's message clearly. The response of people—and the resulting reward or punishment—is for Allah alone to determine, both in this world and the Hereafter.
Wa qaalal lazeena kafaroo lan nu'mina bihaazal Quraani wa laa billazee baina yadayh; wa law taraaa iziz zaalimoona mawqoofoona 'inda Rabbihim yarji'u ba'duhum ilaa ba'dinil qawla yaqoolul lazeenas tud'ifoo lillazeenas takbaroo law laaa antum lakunnaa mu'mineen
The Disbelievers say: "We shall neither believe in this scripture nor in [any] that [came] before it." Couldst you but see when the wrongdoers will be made to stand before their Lord, throwing back the word [of blame] on one another! Those who had been despised will say to the arrogant ones: "Had it not been for you, we should certainly have been believers!"
Commentary of verses 34:31 to 34:33
Denying the truth is the gravest sin, yet its consequences remain hidden in this life, allowing deniers to persist fearlessly. But in the Hereafter, when the terrible reality strikes them, they will be seized by panic and regret. Ordinary people who proudly followed misguided leaders in this world will turn and curse them on the Day of Judgement.
The leaders will respond, 'Do not blame us to hide your own guilt. We did not force you astray—your own desires led you. You followed us because our words suited your inclinations. You wanted a religion that demanded little effort and no real change, and we supplied it. You willingly accepted our authority; we had no power to compel you.' This exchange lays bare the shared responsibility: followers who chose comfort over truth, and leaders who exploited that weakness. Both will face the consequences of their choices.
Qaalal lazeenas takbaroo lillazeenas tud'ifooo anahnu sadadnaakum 'anil hudaa ba'da iz jaaa'akum bal kuntum mujrimeen
The arrogant ones will say to those who had been despised: "Was it we who kept you back from Guidance after it reached you? Rather, rather, it was you who transgressed.
Commentary of verses 34:31 to 34:33
Denying the truth is the gravest sin, yet its consequences remain hidden in this life, allowing deniers to persist fearlessly. But in the Hereafter, when the terrible reality strikes them, they will be seized by panic and regret. Ordinary people who proudly followed misguided leaders in this world will turn and curse them on the Day of Judgement.
The leaders will respond, 'Do not blame us to hide your own guilt. We did not force you astray—your own desires led you. You followed us because our words suited your inclinations. You wanted a religion that demanded little effort and no real change, and we supplied it. You willingly accepted our authority; we had no power to compel you.' This exchange lays bare the shared responsibility: followers who chose comfort over truth, and leaders who exploited that weakness. Both will face the consequences of their choices.
Wa qaalal lazeenastud'ifoo lillazeenas takbaroo bal makrul laili wannahaari iz taamuroonanaaa an nakfura billaahi wa naj'ala lahooo andaadaa; wa asarrun nadaamata lammaa ra awul 'azaab; wa ja'alnal aghlaala feee a'naaqil lazeena kafaroo; hal yujzawna illaa maa kanoo ya'maloon
Those who had been despised will say to the arrogant ones: "Rather! it was a plot [of yours] by day and by night: And [mention]! You [constantly] ordered us to be ungrateful to Allah and to attribute equals to Him!" They will declare [their] repentance when they see the punishment: We shall put yokes on the necks of the Disbelievers: It would only be a requital for their [ill] Deeds.
Commentary of verses 34:31 to 34:33
Denying the truth is the gravest sin, yet its consequences remain hidden in this life, allowing deniers to persist fearlessly. But in the Hereafter, when the terrible reality strikes them, they will be seized by panic and regret. Ordinary people who proudly followed misguided leaders in this world will turn and curse them on the Day of Judgement.
The leaders will respond, 'Do not blame us to hide your own guilt. We did not force you astray—your own desires led you. You followed us because our words suited your inclinations. You wanted a religion that demanded little effort and no real change, and we supplied it. You willingly accepted our authority; we had no power to compel you.' This exchange lays bare the shared responsibility: followers who chose comfort over truth, and leaders who exploited that weakness. Both will face the consequences of their choices.
Wa maaa arsalnaa' fee qaryatim min nazeerin illaa qaala mutrafooaa innaa bimaaa ursiltum bihee kaafiroon
Never did We send a warner to a population, but the wealthy ones among them said: "We believe not in the [Message] with which you have been sent."
Commentary of verses 34:34 to 34:39
When people gain riches and status, they often develop misplaced confidence. They dismiss warnings about the Hereafter, unable to believe that the God who granted them worldly success would ever humble them. This attitude has always caused influential people to reject the truth, and their scorn influences others to do the same. Yet material abundance is not a reward but a test. Wealth does not indicate closeness to Allah, nor does poverty signal distance from Him.
True nearness to Allah belongs to those who remember Him constantly and live within the boundaries He set, even while enjoying His blessings. These are the people who will receive His eternal rewards in the next life.
Wa qaaloo nahnu aksaru amwaalanw wa awlaadanw wa maa nahnu bimu 'azzabeen
They said: "We have more in wealth and in sons, and we cannot be punished."
Commentary of verses 34:34 to 34:39
When people gain riches and status, they often develop misplaced confidence. They dismiss warnings about the Hereafter, unable to believe that the God who granted them worldly success would ever humble them. This attitude has always caused influential people to reject the truth, and their scorn influences others to do the same. Yet material abundance is not a reward but a test. Wealth does not indicate closeness to Allah, nor does poverty signal distance from Him.
True nearness to Allah belongs to those who remember Him constantly and live within the boundaries He set, even while enjoying His blessings. These are the people who will receive His eternal rewards in the next life.
Qul inna Rabbee yabsutur rizqa limai yashaaa'u wa yaqdiru wa laakinna aksaran naasi laa ya'lamoon
Say: "Indeed my Lord enlarges and restricts the Provision to whom He pleases, but most men understand not."
Commentary of verses 34:34 to 34:39
When people gain riches and status, they often develop misplaced confidence. They dismiss warnings about the Hereafter, unable to believe that the God who granted them worldly success would ever humble them. This attitude has always caused influential people to reject the truth, and their scorn influences others to do the same. Yet material abundance is not a reward but a test. Wealth does not indicate closeness to Allah, nor does poverty signal distance from Him.
True nearness to Allah belongs to those who remember Him constantly and live within the boundaries He set, even while enjoying His blessings. These are the people who will receive His eternal rewards in the next life.
Wa maaa amwaalukum wa laaa awlaadukum billatee tuqarribukum 'indanaa zulfaaa illaa man aamana wa 'amila saalihan fa ulaaa'ika lahum jazaaa'ud di'fi bimaa 'amiloo wa hum fil ghurufaati aaminoon
It is not your wealth nor your sons, that will bring you nearer to Us in degree: but only those who believe and work righteousness - these are the ones for whom there is a multiplied Reward for their deeds, while secure they [reside] in the dwellings on high!
Commentary of verses 34:34 to 34:39
When people gain riches and status, they often develop misplaced confidence. They dismiss warnings about the Hereafter, unable to believe that the God who granted them worldly success would ever humble them. This attitude has always caused influential people to reject the truth, and their scorn influences others to do the same. Yet material abundance is not a reward but a test. Wealth does not indicate closeness to Allah, nor does poverty signal distance from Him.
True nearness to Allah belongs to those who remember Him constantly and live within the boundaries He set, even while enjoying His blessings. These are the people who will receive His eternal rewards in the next life.
Those who strive against Our verses, to frustrate them, will be given over into Punishment.
Commentary of verses 34:34 to 34:39
When people gain riches and status, they often develop misplaced confidence. They dismiss warnings about the Hereafter, unable to believe that the God who granted them worldly success would ever humble them. This attitude has always caused influential people to reject the truth, and their scorn influences others to do the same. Yet material abundance is not a reward but a test. Wealth does not indicate closeness to Allah, nor does poverty signal distance from Him.
True nearness to Allah belongs to those who remember Him constantly and live within the boundaries He set, even while enjoying His blessings. These are the people who will receive His eternal rewards in the next life.
Qul inna Rabbee yabsutur rizqa limai yashaaa'u min 'ibaadihee wa yaqdiru lah; wa maaa anfaqtum min shai'in fahuwa yukhlifuhoo wa Huwa khairur raaziqeen
Say: "Indeed my Lord enlarges and restricts the Provision to such of his servants as He pleases: and nothing do you spend in the least [in His cause] but He replaces it: for He is the Best of those who grant Provision.
Commentary of verses 34:34 to 34:39
When people gain riches and status, they often develop misplaced confidence. They dismiss warnings about the Hereafter, unable to believe that the God who granted them worldly success would ever humble them. This attitude has always caused influential people to reject the truth, and their scorn influences others to do the same. Yet material abundance is not a reward but a test. Wealth does not indicate closeness to Allah, nor does poverty signal distance from Him.
True nearness to Allah belongs to those who remember Him constantly and live within the boundaries He set, even while enjoying His blessings. These are the people who will receive His eternal rewards in the next life.
Wa yawma yahshuruhum jamee'an summa yaqoolu lilmalaaa'ikati a-haaa'ulaaa'i iyyaakum kaanoo ya'budoon
One Day He will gather them all together, and say to the angels, "Was it you that these men used to worship?"
Commentary of verses 34:40 to 34:42
Angels are unseen beings made known to humanity through the prophets to inspire reverence for Allah and encourage worship. However, Satan twisted this knowledge, suggesting that people should worship angels as intermediaries to reach Allah. This led to the creation of idols representing angels, which evolved into gods and goddesses — a rain angel became a rain god, and so on.
On the Day of Judgement, the angels will disown those who worshipped them. Neither Allah nor the angels will support such people, leaving them utterly helpless for eternity.
Qaaloo Subhaanaka Anta waliyyunaa min doonihim bal kaanoo ya'budoonal jinna aksaruhum bihim mu'minoon
They will say, "Glory to You! our [tie] is with You - as Protector - not with them. Rather, but they worshipped the jinn: most of them believed in them."
Commentary of verses 34:40 to 34:42
Angels are unseen beings made known to humanity through the prophets to inspire reverence for Allah and encourage worship. However, Satan twisted this knowledge, suggesting that people should worship angels as intermediaries to reach Allah. This led to the creation of idols representing angels, which evolved into gods and goddesses — a rain angel became a rain god, and so on.
On the Day of Judgement, the angels will disown those who worshipped them. Neither Allah nor the angels will support such people, leaving them utterly helpless for eternity.
So on that Day no power shall they have over each other, for profit or harm: and We shall say to the wrongdoers, "Taste you the punishment of the Fire, the which you were wont to deny!"
Commentary of verses 34:40 to 34:42
Angels are unseen beings made known to humanity through the prophets to inspire reverence for Allah and encourage worship. However, Satan twisted this knowledge, suggesting that people should worship angels as intermediaries to reach Allah. This led to the creation of idols representing angels, which evolved into gods and goddesses — a rain angel became a rain god, and so on.
On the Day of Judgement, the angels will disown those who worshipped them. Neither Allah nor the angels will support such people, leaving them utterly helpless for eternity.
Wa izaa tutlaa 'alaihim Aayaatunaa baiyinaatin qaaloo maa haazaa illaa rajuluny yureedu ai-yasuddakum 'ammaa kaana ya'budu aabaaa'ukum wa qaaloo maa haazaaa illaaa ifkum muftaraa; wa qaalal lazeena kafaroo lilhaqqi lammaa jaaa'ahum in haazaaa illaa sihrum mubeen
When Our Clear Signs are rehearsed to them, they say, "This is only a man who wishes to hinder you from the [worship] which your fathers practised." And they say, "This is only a falsehood invented!" and the Disbelievers say of the Truth when it comes to them, "This is nothing but evident magic!"
Commentary of verses 34:43 to 34:45
The Quran presented arguments the disbelievers could not refute. Yet they succeeded in turning people away by appealing to emotion, claiming the message contradicted ancestral traditions. Unable to deny the Quran's eloquence, they dismissed it as linguistic trickery rather than divine revelation.
Throughout history, prejudice has often overpowered reason. The Quran's opponents could have offered rational arguments or cited other scriptures, but they did neither. Their rejection was not based on evidence but sheer stubbornness.
Wa maaa aatainaahum min Kutubiny yadrusoonahaa wa maaa arsalnaaa ilaihim qablaka min nazeer
But We had not given them Books which they could study, nor sent messengers to them before you as Warners.
Commentary of verses 34:43 to 34:45
The Quran presented arguments the disbelievers could not refute. Yet they succeeded in turning people away by appealing to emotion, claiming the message contradicted ancestral traditions. Unable to deny the Quran's eloquence, they dismissed it as linguistic trickery rather than divine revelation.
Throughout history, prejudice has often overpowered reason. The Quran's opponents could have offered rational arguments or cited other scriptures, but they did neither. Their rejection was not based on evidence but sheer stubbornness.
Wa kazzabal lazeena min qablihim wa maa balaghoo mi'shaara maaa aatainaahum fakazzaboo Rusulee; fakaifa kaana nakeer
And their predecessors rejected [the Truth]; these have not received a tenth of what We had granted to those: yet when they rejected My messengers, how [terrible] was My rejection [of them]!
Commentary of verses 34:43 to 34:45
The Quran presented arguments the disbelievers could not refute. Yet they succeeded in turning people away by appealing to emotion, claiming the message contradicted ancestral traditions. Unable to deny the Quran's eloquence, they dismissed it as linguistic trickery rather than divine revelation.
Throughout history, prejudice has often overpowered reason. The Quran's opponents could have offered rational arguments or cited other scriptures, but they did neither. Their rejection was not based on evidence but sheer stubbornness.
Qul innamaaa a'izukum biwaahidatin an taqoomoo lillaahi masnaa wa furaadaa summa tatafakkaroo; maa bisaahibikum min jinnah; in huwa illaa nazeerul lakum baina yadai 'azaabin shadeed
Say: "I do admonish you on one point: that you do stand up before Allah, [It may be] in pairs, or [it may be] singly, and reflect [within yourselves]: your Companion is not possessed: he is no less than a warner to you, in face of a terrible Punishment."
Commentary of verses 34:46 to 34:47
The Prophet's contemporaries rejected his message not through reason but prejudice. Had they reflected, either alone or together, they would have realised he was no madman. His past integrity, compassionate manner, and wise speech all testified to his sincerity. His refusal of payment showed he sought only Allah's approval, and his urgency stemmed not from delusion but from genuine warning of danger.
They were never truly open to the truth, so these obvious facts made no impression on them.
Qul maa sa-altukum min ajrin fahuwa lakum in ajriya illaa 'alal laahi wa Huwa 'alaa kullin shai-in Shaheed
Say: "No reward do I ask of you: it is [all] in your interest: my reward is only due from Allah: And He is witness to all things."
Commentary of verses 34:46 to 34:47
The Prophet's contemporaries rejected his message not through reason but prejudice. Had they reflected, either alone or together, they would have realised he was no madman. His past integrity, compassionate manner, and wise speech all testified to his sincerity. His refusal of payment showed he sought only Allah's approval, and his urgency stemmed not from delusion but from genuine warning of danger.
They were never truly open to the truth, so these obvious facts made no impression on them.
Say: "Indeed my Lord does cast the [mantle of] Truth [over His servants], He that has full knowledge of [all] that is hidden."
Commentary of verses 34:48 to 34:50
The world is built on truth, yet falsehood sometimes appears to flourish. This is because the world is a place of trial, where even untruth has room to exist temporarily. But this will end on the Day of Judgement, when all evidence will support the truth and falsehood will be utterly worthless.
Sometimes Allah grants a glimpse of this reality in this world. When Makkah was liberated and monotheism overcame polytheism, the Prophet recited, 'Truth has arrived and falsehood has perished, for falsehood is bound to perish.'
Qul jaaa'al haqqu wa maa yubdi'ul baatilu wa maa yu'eed
Say: "The Truth has arrived, and Falsehood neither creates anything new, nor restores anything."
Commentary of verses 34:48 to 34:50
The world is built on truth, yet falsehood sometimes appears to flourish. This is because the world is a place of trial, where even untruth has room to exist temporarily. But this will end on the Day of Judgement, when all evidence will support the truth and falsehood will be utterly worthless.
Sometimes Allah grants a glimpse of this reality in this world. When Makkah was liberated and monotheism overcame polytheism, the Prophet recited, 'Truth has arrived and falsehood has perished, for falsehood is bound to perish.'
Qul in dalaltu fainnamaaa adillu 'alaa nafsee wa inih-tadaitu fabimaa yoohee ilaiya Rabbee; innahoo Samee'un Qareeb
Say: "If I am astray, I only stray to the loss of my own soul: but if I receive guidance, it is because of the inspiration of my Lord to me: it is He Who hears all things, and is [ever] near."
Commentary of verses 34:48 to 34:50
The world is built on truth, yet falsehood sometimes appears to flourish. This is because the world is a place of trial, where even untruth has room to exist temporarily. But this will end on the Day of Judgement, when all evidence will support the truth and falsehood will be utterly worthless.
Sometimes Allah grants a glimpse of this reality in this world. When Makkah was liberated and monotheism overcame polytheism, the Prophet recited, 'Truth has arrived and falsehood has perished, for falsehood is bound to perish.'
Wa law taraaa iz fazi'oo falaa fawta wa ukhizoo mim makaanin qareeb
If you could but see when they will quake with terror; but then there will be no escape [for them], and they will be seized from a position [quite] near.
Commentary of verses 34:51 to 34:54
When someone rejects the truth in this life, the consequences are not immediate. This emboldens them to dismiss it carelessly. But when the present world collapses, everything changes. What they ignored will suddenly become overwhelmingly important. Their arrogance will vanish, and they will begin to admit the truth they once scorned.
But it will be too late. Accepting the truth when it is hidden has value; accepting it when plainly visible does not. Inwardly, they could not rationally reject the truth, yet they refused to accept it because it clashed with their worldview. This inner conflict persisted until death lifted the veil they should have removed themselves.
Wa qaloo aamannaa bihee wa annaa lahumut tanaawushu mim makaanim ba'eed
And they will say, "We do believe [now] in the [Truth]"; but how could they receive [Faith] from a position (so far off,
Commentary of verses 34:51 to 34:54
When someone rejects the truth in this life, the consequences are not immediate. This emboldens them to dismiss it carelessly. But when the present world collapses, everything changes. What they ignored will suddenly become overwhelmingly important. Their arrogance will vanish, and they will begin to admit the truth they once scorned.
But it will be too late. Accepting the truth when it is hidden has value; accepting it when plainly visible does not. Inwardly, they could not rationally reject the truth, yet they refused to accept it because it clashed with their worldview. This inner conflict persisted until death lifted the veil they should have removed themselves.
Wa qad kafaroo bihee min qablu wa yaqzifoona bilghaibi mim makaanim ba'eed
Seeing that they did disbelieve [entirely] before, and that they [continually] cast [slanders] on the unseen from a position far off?
Commentary of verses 34:51 to 34:54
When someone rejects the truth in this life, the consequences are not immediate. This emboldens them to dismiss it carelessly. But when the present world collapses, everything changes. What they ignored will suddenly become overwhelmingly important. Their arrogance will vanish, and they will begin to admit the truth they once scorned.
But it will be too late. Accepting the truth when it is hidden has value; accepting it when plainly visible does not. Inwardly, they could not rationally reject the truth, yet they refused to accept it because it clashed with their worldview. This inner conflict persisted until death lifted the veil they should have removed themselves.
Wa heela bainahum wa baina maa yashtahoona kamaa fu'ila bi-ashyaa'ihim min qabl; innahum kaanoo fee shakkim mureeb
And between them and their desires, is placed a barrier, as was done in the past with their partisans: for they were indeed in suspicious [disquieting] doubt.
Commentary of verses 34:51 to 34:54
When someone rejects the truth in this life, the consequences are not immediate. This emboldens them to dismiss it carelessly. But when the present world collapses, everything changes. What they ignored will suddenly become overwhelmingly important. Their arrogance will vanish, and they will begin to admit the truth they once scorned.
But it will be too late. Accepting the truth when it is hidden has value; accepting it when plainly visible does not. Inwardly, they could not rationally reject the truth, yet they refused to accept it because it clashed with their worldview. This inner conflict persisted until death lifted the veil they should have removed themselves.